TURF DISEASES Microdochium patch (Fusarium) Microdochium nivale Symptoms start as a darkened water-soaked patch of about 5-10mm. The patches enlarge and may develop salmon-pink to orange-brown rings of conidia around the outside of the patches. It can then develop white, pink or grey mycelia that grow over the patch surface; this can often be seen early in the morning. All turf can suffer with Microdochium patch, however grass swards dominant in Poa annua, are the most susceptible. Red thread Laetisaria fuciformis Red thread develops on the plant surface and does not generally cause severe damage but aesthetically is undesirable, symptoms start as small mostly circular patches of dead leaves interspersed with live plants. The patches have a pink tinge. Closer inspection will reveal pale pink to red needle or horn-like outgrowths. In later stages the Read thread troughs out pink flocks of mycelium resembling candyfloss. Fairy rings (Type 1) Basidiomycetes Fairy rings are classified in 4 types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3 and superficial fairy rings (or Thatch fungi). Within each of these four groups there may be many individual fungi that cause fairy ring development, but within each group the symptoms that these fungi cause will be very similar. Type 1 fairy rings typically have a ring of dead grass which is bordered on both sides by a band of stimulated grass growth. Fungal fruiting bodies may be found. Anthracnose Colletotrichum cereale Anthracnose is most common on Poa annua but has been noted on other grasses. The disease pathogen can cause two types of disease depending on weather conditions. Foliar blight is often mistaken for drought. The grass turns yellow with irregular patches. Basal rot begins as yellowing of older leaves on individual plants. The youngest leaf may become brick red in the later stages of development. The plant easily pulls from the turf and a black rot is visible at the base of the stem. Take all patch Gaeumannomyces graminis Take-all patch symptoms begin as a slight reddening or bronzing of bentgrass usually in a ring during summer months. As the bentgrass dies resistant grass species or broad-leaved weeds invade the centre of the patch. Patches can measure from a few centimetres in diameter to over a metre and become irregular in shape. Symptoms may fade in late autumn and winter. It is most common on fairly newly constructed USGA greens but can also occur following repeated heavy sand dressings. Fairy rings (Type 2) Basidiomycetes Type 2 fairy rings are typically a ring of stimulated grass growth with or without the fungal fruiting bodies. They do not cause any direct damage to the turf but aesthetically they can spoil the appearance of lawns and the lush growth can severely affect the playing surface of sports turf. Dollar spot Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Pale regular spots roughly the size of an American dollar. Spots are bleached white. The spots may coalesce to form large areas of affected turf. White mycelium may be present on affected areas on dewy mornings, which disappear as the leaves dry. Applying cold water to a hot green can cause the Dollar spot to spread vigorously. Water early mornings rather than in the evening to avoid this. Yellow tuft Sclerophthora macrospora Yellow tuft is a fungus that lives on the grass plant tissue but does not kill the plant. It is most commonly found on annual meadow grass and bent grasses. Yellow tuft produces small yellowing tufts of grass with thick bases and very little root; it can therefore be easily plucked out of the sward. Once it infects a grass plant it can remain dormant for a long time before sporulation and the effects show. Yellow tuft spreads in surface water and is often found in damp poorly-drained areas. Fairy rings (Type 3) and Thatch fungus Basidiomycetes Type 3 fairy rings generally show no change in the growth of the grass but are evident only by the presence of rings of fungal fruiting bodies. Superficial fairy rings or Thatch fungus are caused by fungal activity in the thatch. They can cause rings or patches of yellowed or darker green turf and may also be associated with slight depressions of the turf surface. Fruiting bodies will not be seen with superficial fairy rings. Perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne Seeds per gram: 700 Optimum pH range: 5.8 – 7.4 Salt tolerance: Medium Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: T Shade tolerance: Average Strong creeping red fescue Festuca rubra rubra Seeds per gram: 1,000 Optimum pH range: 5.5 – 6.8 Salt tolerance: Weak Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: R Shade Tolerance: Very Good Earthworm Lumbricus Earthworms eat decaying plant material and thatch and do not damage the turf. There are 25 species of common earthworm that are commonly found in the UK but only 3 produce casts. They are the Lob worm, Grey worm and the Blackhead worm. Browntop bent Agrostis capillaris Seeds per gram: 14,000 Optimum pH range: 5.6 – 7.0 Salt tolerance: Moderate Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: R Shade tolerance: Good Hard fescue Festuca trachyphylla Seeds per gram: 2,000 Optimum pH range: 4.5 – 7.5 Salt tolerance: Good Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: T Shade Tolerance: Very Good Leatherjacket Tipula paludosa There are several species of leatherjackets (larvae of crane flies) that feed on the roots and stem bases of lawn grasses and other plants. The adult crane flies, commonly known as daddy-longlegs mostly emerge and lay eggs in the turf or soil surface from August to October. Creeping bent Agrostis stolonifera Seeds per gram: 16,000 Optimum pH range: 5.6 – 7.0 Salt tolerance: Good Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: S Shade Tolerance: Good Tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Seeds per gram: 450 Optimum pH range: 5.5 – 7.0 Salt tolerance: Good Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: T Shade Tolerance: Very Good Chafer Grub Phyllopertha horticola There are 3 types of Chafer grub but the most common found in turf are the Garden Chafer. The different species have different lengths of life cycle (1, 2 or 3 years). Adult chafer beetles are small coppery green that scurry across the turf and feed on the grass leaf through spring but are generally not a problem. The adult beetles fly up from turf in large numbers at dusk from late May to June. Eggs are laid in the turf and these hatch a few weeks later. Chewings fescue Festuca rubra commutata Seeds per gram: 1,000 Optimum pH range: 5.5 – 6.8 Salt tolerance: Weak Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: T Shade Tolerance: Good Annual meadowgrass Poa annua Seeds per gram: 6,500 Optimum pH range: 5.5 – 7.5 Salt tolerance: Weak Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: T Shade Tolerance: Good Frit fly Oscinella frit The Frit fly is a shiny black insect that is around 2mm in length. It has 3 life cycles each year. The adult fly lays its eggs on the grass leaf, the eggs hatch into small maggots that then burrow into the roots and leaf shoots, causing withering and yellowing. Slender creeping red fescue Festuca rubra litoralis Seeds per gram: 1,000 Optimum pH range: 5.5 – 6.8 Salt tolerance: Good Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: R Shade Tolerance: Good Smooth-stalked meadowgrass Poa pratensis Seeds per gram: 3,300 Optimum pH range: 5.8 – 7.5 Salt tolerance: Weak Rhizomes/Stolons/Tufted: R Shade Tolerance: Poor St Mark’s Fly Biblio marci St. Mark’s Flies are so called because they emerge around St Mark’s Day (25th April) every year and can be seen in flight in May. They are most common on downland turf but can be found elsewhere. The St. Mark’s Fly has a short adult life cycle; they are in flight for only one week. The majority of their time is spent as larvae in the soil. During autumn and winter the larvae feed on decaying thatch and roots. In spring the males emerge a few days before the females, they mate and die shortly afterwards. Daisy Bellis Perennis A common perennial turf weed with white flowers with a yellow centre. Thrives on close mown turf and in alkaline conditions. Mainly flowers in late spring through to summer but can flower all year round. Buckshorn plantain Plantago coponopus Narrow lance-shaped leaves. It grows in sandy open soils, often found growing close to the sea as it is quite salt resistant. Chickweed Stellaria media A soft stemmed annual plant with small hairs along the stem. It has oval leaves that form opposite each other. It has very small white flowers that are followed by seed pods. Control before flowering to help prevent reoccurrence the following year. Buttercup Ranunculus repens A creeping perennial which sends out runners that then root and produce a new plant. Bright yellow flowers throughout the summer. Prefers damp conditions on heavy ground. Yarrow Achillea millefolium The fine feathery leaves and deep fleshy rhizomes of yarrow make it particularly drought resistant. It produces an abundance of small white flowers between May and July. Difficult to control with some selective herbicides. Pearlwort Sargina procumbens Pearlwort is a low growing mat forming plant with glossy leaves and small white flowers, April to September. It grows in moist environments. It has very thin waxy leaves and is difficult to control with many selective herbicides. Although a perennial it does yellow and suffer through the winter weather. Dandelion Taraxacum officinale A deep rooted perennial that forms a large rosette with large round yellow flowers. The seed heads produce an abundance of seed that is easily spread by the wind. Speedwell Veronica There are numerous species of Speedwell that are considered to be lawn weeds and they look very much alike. The most common ones found in sports turf and lawns is the Birds Eye Speedwell and Ivy leaf Speedwell. Mayweed Matricaria maritima A star shaped weed that adapts to grow just below mowing height. Prevalent on acidic heathland and moorland areas and sometimes found on parkland areas but not found on chalk downland. It produces a white flower with a yellow centre similar to a daisy. If allowed to flower each plant can produce large amounts of seeds. Ribwort plantain Plantago lanceolate A rosette forming perennial turf weed with distinctive ribbed leaves. It produces a long hairy flower spike with an abundance of seeds. Will grow almost anywhere but prefers soils above pH 5. White clover Trifolium repens White clover is a very common turf weed, it flowers with a small white flower from June to September and produces thousands of seeds that are dispersed and become viable within 2 weeks. As well as a large seed bank Clover also speeds by stolons. Clovers fix nitrogen from the air giving a darker green area to the turf. Ragwort Senecio jacobea Although a biennial, when mown close it produces a rosette that is persistent and exhibits perennial properties. As it gets older it becomes woody and can cause uneven playing surfaces. It is classified as an injurious weed under the weeds act 1959. Parsley piert Aphanes australis A low growing annual with pale dusky green, hairy leaves. It has deep cut wedge shaped leaves, three cleft with deep lobes. Likes dry conditions and sandy loams. Yellow suckling clover Lesser trefoil Yellow suckling Clover has a small rounded yellow flower right through summer from May to October. It spreads quickly and can form large clumps which look unsightly and can affect the playing surface on sports turf. Field woodrush Luzula campestris Course, broad grass like dark green leaves fringed with silky hairs. It favours very acidic conditions and spreads by creeping stolons. Flowers early in the spring and produces dark brown seed heads. Greater plantain Plantago major Large oval green leaves with between 5 and 9 large thick veins that are clear once the leaf is removed. The greater plantain is the most common and grows well in compacted low fertile areas. Selfheal Prunella vulgaris A member of the mint family, it has hairy leaves, grows quickly and spreads over lawns to form large patches competing with grass. It flowers with large rounded purple flower from June to November. It is easily spread by seed. Toadrush Jancus bufonius Toadrush is a very fine rush that forms a tight bundle of green, purple and reddish shoots. They have a hard woody base with very little root and can therefore quite easily be pulled out. It tends to grows in areas that persistently lay damp, such as turf with a compacted thatch layer. GRASS SEEDS TURF PESTS TURF WEEDS Photographic credits: Dollar spot, Take all patch, Fairy rings, Yellow tuft, with kind permission of S yngenta. Grass Seeds with kind permission of Barenbrug. Microdochium, Red Thread - Kris Lord. Parsley Piert, White Clover and Leatherjacket - Simon. A nthracnose - Turf Republic. Buttercup - Carine06. Yarrow - NY State IPM Program at Cornell University. B uckshorn Plantain - Hugh Knott. Speedwell – Arria Belli. Copyright Collier Turf Care 2018. Follow us on social media Get our Grass Guys Weekly Disease Blog delivered to your inbox every Monday! Email sales@collier-turf-care.co.uk or speak to your Local Area Technical Sales Representative. For professional advice and product recommendations on turf disease, weeds, pests and grass seed, please contact the the Grass Guys. Collier Turf Wallchart 17/5/18 10:32 Page 1 Collier Turf Care Educational Centre . `çääáÉê=qìêÑ=t~ääÅÜ~êí==NULRLNU==NNWRO== m~ÖÉ=N CULTURAL & APPLICATION CHART Follow us on social media Get our Grass Guys Weekly Disease Blog delive red to your inbox every Monday! Email sales@collier-turf-care.c o.uk or speak to your Local Area Technical Sales Representative 01328 700600 sales@collier-turf-care.c o.uk www.collier-turf-care.co.uk COLLIER SPORTS © COLLIER TURF CARE © Specialist Turf Car Key Cultural Operations XC Nozzles Syngenta Turf XC Nozzle range availability Size Typical water volume (l/ha) Typical spraying speed (Km/hr) Recommended use Best used with Benefits 025 220-400 3-5 Foliar fungicides; herbicide and growth regulator. Leaf applied (Heritage Maxx Medallion TL Primo Maxx Instrata Elite). • Maintains an even spray. • Combats spray drift allowing more spray. • Backwards spray angle enhances coverage even at low volumes. 04 220-400 5-7 08 450-1000 5-7 Fungicides targeted at soil application and wetting agents. Soil applied (Heritage Qualibra). Nozzle Chart Flat Fan 110o and Air Induction 110o Nozzle Bar CAPACITY ONE NOZZLE IN l/min 3 km/h 4 km/h 5 km/h 6 km/h 8 km/h 10 km/h 12 km/h 14 km/h GREEN 015 1.0 0.35 139 104 83 69 52 42 35 30 2.0 0.49 196 147 118 98 73 59 49 42 3.0 0.60 240 180 144 120 90 72 60 51 4.0 0.69 277 208 166 139 104 83 69 59 5.0 0.77 310 232 186 155 116 93 77 66 YELLOW 02 1.0 0.47 187 140 112 93 70 56 47 40 2.0 0.66 264 198 158 132 99 79 66 57 3.0 0.81 323 242 194 162 121 97 81 69 4.0 0.93 373 280 224 187 140 112 93 80 5.0 1.04 417 313 250 209 157 125 104 89 LILAC 025 1.0 0.58 232 174 139 116 87 70 58 50 2.0 0.82 328 246 197 164 123 98 82 70 3.0 1.00 402 301 241 201 151 121 100 86 4.0 1.16 464 348 278 232 174 139 116 99 5.0 1.30 519 389 311 259 194 156 130 111 BLUE 03 1.0 0.69 277 208 166 139 104 83 69 59 2.0 0.98 392 294 235 196 147 118 98 84 3.0 1.20 480 360 288 240 180 144 120 103 4.0 1.39 554 416 333 277 208 166 139 119 5.0 1.55 620 465 372 310 232 186 155 133 RED 04 1.0 0.93 371 278 222 185 139 111 93 79 2.0 1.31 524 393 314 262 197 157 131 112 3.0 1.60 642 481 385 321 241 193 160 138 4.0 1.85 741 556 445 371 278 222 185 159 5.0 2.07 829 621 497 414 311 249 207 178 BROWN 05 1.0 1.15 461 346 277 231 173 138 115 99 2.0 1.63 652 489 391 326 245 196 163 140 3.0 2.00 799 599 479 399 299 240 200 171 4.0 2.31 922 692 553 461 346 277 231 198 5.0 2.58 1031 773 619 515 387 309 258 221 GREY 06 1.0 1.39 554 416 333 277 208 166 139 119 2.0 1.96 784 588 470 392 294 235 196 168 3.0 2.40 960 720 576 480 360 288 240 206 4.0 2.77 1109 832 665 554 416 333 277 238 5.0 3.10 1240 930 744 620 465 372 310 266 WHITE 08 1.0 1.85 738 554 443 369 277 221 185 158 2.0 2.61 1044 783 626 522 392 313 261 224 3.0 3.20 1279 959 767 639 479 384 320 274 4.0 3.69 1476 1107 886 738 554 443 369 316 5.0 4.13 1651 1238 990 825 619 495 413 354 l/ha 50 cm Sprayer Calibration For help or advice, consult the Collier Turf C are Technical Department. Method Key Features Aer-Aid • Injects air into the rootzone. • Significantly reduces surface and soil compact ion. • Increases water infiltration rates. • Helps manage soil based issues. • Enhances root growth. Brushing • Removes surface debris. • Moss removal. • For post scarification clean up. • Light scarification. • Can stand up the grass plant prior to mowing for an increased quality of cut. • Incorporates topdressing. • Removal of dew. • Removal of worm casts. • Stands up the grass plant leaf when used thro ugh the winter months. • Enhances presentation. Iron / Roll • Presses in divots. • Firms the playing surface for increased ball sp eed and can assist in preparing a truer playing surface. Grooming • Stands grass up that the front roll has pushed down. • Stands lateral grasses ahead of the cylinder fo r an enhanced quality of cut. • Helpful for the removal of seed and weed hea ds. Sarel Roll • Surface aeration, allows penetration of air, moisture and nutrients to the rootzone. • Can be used ahead of overseeding allowing se ed to soil contact. • Relieves surface tension. Scarification • Beneficial for the removal of dead organic ma terial (thatch). • Allows space for new grass plants. • Improves the seed to soil contact thus improv ing germination. • Improves access for moisture to the rootzone. • Reduces the occurrence of disease. • Improves the speed of a playing surface. Slitting • Shallow slitting can help relieve surface tensio n and helps prevent the build up of thatch. • Root pruning benefits. • Improves root growth and structure. • Aerates, thus increasing microbial activity. • Minimal surface disruption. • A fast and cost effective method of aeration. Solid Tine • Aerates to allow moisture and air to access th e root zone. • Improves drainage. • Can be used for decompaction particularly wh en a degree of heave is used. • Can let out harmful gases so improves the hea lth of the turf. • Tine options for different surfaces and differe nt times of the year. Top Dressing • Improves soil structure. • Levels the playing surface. • Covering seed. Deep Tine Aeration • Relieves compaction at greater depth than a p edestrian machine. • Improves drainage. • Encouraging deeper root growth. Image courtesy of Wiedenmann UK. Verti Cut • A non soil engaging operation to remove thatc h during the playing season. • Speeds up the surface. • Encourages vertical grass growth. • Reduces sponginess in a playing surface. • An excellent way to manage annual meadow g rass. Establish a suitable forward speed. Cover a distance of 100m and time it in secon ds. Divide 360 by the time taken to cover 100m in seconds = your speed in km/h. Example – time taken to travel 100m is 94 se conds. 360 ÷ 94 = 3.8 km/h. Choose the most suitable nozzle and use the correct nozzle chart as a guide to identify y our output at a suitable pressure for your sprayer. Too low a pressure gives poor spray coverage and too high a pressure increases the risk of s pray drift. Refer to the product label for most suitable spray patt ern. Check the nozzle output. Fill the tank with clean water, set the pressur e you intend to spray at and operate the spray er whilst stationary. Using a measuring jug, collect the output from one nozzle per boom at a time for 30 seconds . Add up the output from each nozzle and divide by the number of nozzles to give the average output per nozzle . Double the figure to give you the ltrs/min and cross reference t his with the nozzle chart. The output must be checked against manufacturers guidance with pressure at 3bar , and a +/- 10% variance is allowed. For produ ct efficacy, many chemical manufacturers recommend lower pe rcentages. Note: If one nozzle differs from any other it is fault y so change it and repeat the test. The nozzle is the last thing the product touches before being releas ed onto the site and this is critical to good ap plication and control. Calculate the application rate. Once you have the forward speed and the noz zle output you can calculate the volume of sp ray to be applied using the following formula. Nozzle output in ltrs/min x 600 ÷ forward spe ed in km/h ÷ nozzle spacing in metres = spray volume in ltrs/ha. Example – nozzle output 1.36 ltrs/min and n ozzle spacing of 0.5m and a forward speed o f 3.8 km/h is 1.36 x 600 = 816 ÷ 3.8 = 215 ÷ 0.5 = 430 ltrs/Ha. Output can be adjusted by: • Changing the forward speed if suitable to do s o. • Adjusting the spray pressure but ensuring still within suitable parameters. • Changing nozzle size. PPE Face Protection or Face Shield Type 5 & 6 Chemical Resistant Coveralls Chemical Resistant Rubber Boots Face fitting and appropriate Respirator Top 10 Spraying Tips 1 2 3 4 5 Check that the operator is trained and certifie d and that they have the appropriate PPE in good order. Check sprayer over prior to use and before ad ding any products. Perform a quick operating test with water and look for any lea ks or drop in pressure. Check the master on/off switch and check eac h of the boom switches are operational. Check all filters are in place, are clean and th e correct size. Check that you have the correct nozzles and t est the nozzle flow rate to ensure that they are not worn or damaged. 6 7 8 9 10 Check nozzles are orientated correctly, in line with the boom (with XC nozzles, the Syngenta logo should face forwards). Ensure s pray pattern is not obstructed. Ensure boom height is set correctly, a 110° no zzle with 50cm spacing the nozzle tip should be at 50cm above the target. Use a spray dye indicator or bout marker to e nsure accurate application without misses or overspray. Always clean the sprayer thoroughly after use . Use a good quality purpose made spray tank cleaner. If not being used for a while, store nozzles an d filters in a pot of a solution of tank cleaner. E & OE © Collier Turf Care 1 2 3 4 Chemical Resistant Nitrile (unlined) Gloves Dispose of any washing safely. Sprayer Test Flowchart TRAILED, MOUNTED, SELF PROPELLED OVER 3 METRES 3 METRES AND UNDER AND OTHER APPLICATION EQUIPMENT* YES NO WITHIN 3 YEARS WITHIN 5 YEARS OR BEFORE 26/11/2020 WITHIN 6 YEARS EVERY 3 YEARS EVERY 3 YEARS EVERY 6 YEARS SPRAYER TYPE BOOM WIDTH TESTED AFTER 26/11/2017 NEXT TEST DUE RE-TEST DUE FOR SPRAYERS OVER 5 YEARS OLD, use this d ecision tree to help work out how often each piece of equipmen t needs to be tested. YES NO KNAPSACK PEDESTRIAN HANDHELD INSPECTED ON A REGULAR BASIS BY A COMPETENT PERSON. REPAIR ANY FAULTS FOUND. KEEP A RECORD. USE THE NSTS CHECKLIST. * Slug pellet and micro-granular applicators. * Weed wipers. * Seed treating equipment (incl. conveyor a nd roller table). * Boat mounted and sub-surface applicators. * Fogging, misting and smoking equipment. * Other equipment may fall into this categor y. Contact us for your copy of our informative Educational Charts and Groundsman’s Guides, ideal for maintenance facilities and educating students! Stay tuned for more editions in the future Groundsman’s Maintenance Guides 1 Cricket Square & Outfield Groundsman’s Maintenance Guide 1 Tennis Court Groundsman’s Maintenance Guide 1 Bowling Green Groundsman’s Maintenance Guide ? Educational Wall Charts
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